Ion channels are pore-forming proteins that allow charged ions to pass through the cell membrane. They play a crucial role in various physiological processes, such as nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and hormone secretion. Ion channels are classified based on the ions they conduct (e.g. sodium, potassium, calcium) and their gating mechanisms (e.g. voltage-gated, ligand-gated). Dysfunctional ion channels have been implicated in a wide range of diseases, including epilepsy, cardiac arrhythmias, and neurodegenerative disorders. Research in this area focuses on understanding the structure and function of ion channels, their regulation, and developing drugs that target ion channels for therapeutic purposes.